Direct labor / Indirect Labor
Direct labor is so named because it is associated with the production of specific finished goods units. An assembly line worker's labor installing windows on automobiles, for instance, is direct labor applied to specific autos. Indirect labor, on the other hand, usually refers to production support labor costs not so easily associated with specific units. The mechanic repairing assembly line machinery, for instance, is viewed as indirect labor, classified as a "Manufacturing Overhead" cost.
Understanding and estimating direct and Indirect labor costs are ccrucial, obviously, in budgeting and planning exercises. However, direct and indirect labor can also be important cost categories in:
Financial Reporting (especially the Income Statement)
and
Business Case Analysis (including cost/benefit, financial justification, total cost of ownership, cost/benefit, and return on investment analysis).
Direct / Indirect Labor in Financial Reporting
In financial reporting, both direct and indirect labor contribute to cost of goods sold (CGS), as shown on the simple income statement, below. Cost of goods sold is subtracted from net 
sales revenues to produce the reported gross profit. (Gross margin is the gross profit expressed as a percentage of net sales). Direct and indirect labor, of course, also impact operating income and net income (profit), as shown.
The income statement shows reported gross profit for the company, but management usually has a high interest in knowing gross profits for individual product lines and individual products, as well. Such information is crucial for effective product management and product strategy decisions, for instance. For product gross profits, actual sales and actual direct labor costs can be estimated rather directly. When indirect labor supports multiple products or product lines, however, the indirect labor costs for specific products may have to be determined by an arbitrarily set allocation percentage.
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Direct / Indirect Labor in the Business Case
Direct and Indirect Labor may be important cost categories in business case anlaysis, whether the case is a general cost benefit analysis, financial justification, total cost of ownership (TCO), or return on investment (ROI) analysis.
Decisions having to do with asset acquisition or asset life cycle management, for instance, may rely on business case analysis to predict total financial costs and financial gains under different possible actions. Some kinds of production-related assets bring large direct and indirect labor costs for operation and maintenance over a long life cycle (e.g., factory machines, vehicles, aircraft, and buildings). Expected direct and indirect labor costs may in fact be the deciding factor in choosing one asset action over another.
Direct and indirect production labor costs also belong in business case analysis when the case looks forward to different product sales under different scenarios. Higher sales revenues normally require higher direct and indirect labor costs to produce the additional products units sold. Direct and Indirect labor costs should be projected for each business case scenario, in accord with the scenario's projected sales.
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